from sympy import (
    Abs, And, binomial, Catalan, combsimp, cos, Derivative, E, Eq, exp, EulerGamma,
    factorial, Function, harmonic, I, Integral, KroneckerDelta, log,
    nan, oo, pi, Piecewise, Product, product, Rational, S, simplify, Identity,
    sin, sqrt, Sum, summation, Symbol, symbols, sympify, zeta, gamma,
    Indexed, Idx, IndexedBase, prod, Dummy, lowergamma, Range, floor,
    rf, MatrixSymbol, tanh, sinh)
from sympy.abc import a, b, c, d, k, m, x, y, z
from sympy.concrete.summations import (
    telescopic, _dummy_with_inherited_properties_concrete, eval_sum_residue)
from sympy.concrete.expr_with_intlimits import ReorderError
from sympy.core.facts import InconsistentAssumptions
from sympy.testing.pytest import XFAIL, raises, slow
from sympy.matrices import \
    Matrix, SparseMatrix, ImmutableDenseMatrix, ImmutableSparseMatrix
from sympy.core.mod import Mod

n = Symbol('n', integer=True)

def test_karr_convention():
    # Test the Karr summation convention that we want to hold.
    # See his paper "Summation in Finite Terms" for a detailed
    # reasoning why we really want exactly this definition.
    # The convention is described on page 309 and essentially
    # in section 1.4, definition 3:
    #
    # \sum_{m <= i < n} f(i) 'has the obvious meaning'   for m < n
    # \sum_{m <= i < n} f(i) = 0                         for m = n
    # \sum_{m <= i < n} f(i) = - \sum_{n <= i < m} f(i)  for m > n
    #
    # It is important to note that he defines all sums with
    # the upper limit being *exclusive*.
    # In contrast, sympy and the usual mathematical notation has:
    #
    # sum_{i = a}^b f(i) = f(a) + f(a+1) + ... + f(b-1) + f(b)
    #
    # with the upper limit *inclusive*. So translating between
    # the two we find that:
    #
    # \sum_{m <= i < n} f(i) = \sum_{i = m}^{n-1} f(i)
    #
    # where we intentionally used two different ways to typeset the
    # sum and its limits.

    i = Symbol("i", integer=True)
    k = Symbol("k", integer=True)
    j = Symbol("j", integer=True)

    # A simple example with a concrete summand and symbolic limits.

    # The normal sum: m = k and n = k + j and therefore m < n:
    m = k
    n = k + j

    a = m
    b = n - 1
    S1 = Sum(i**2, (i, a, b)).doit()

    # The reversed sum: m = k + j and n = k and therefore m > n:
    m = k + j
    n = k

    a = m
    b = n - 1
    S2 = Sum(i**2, (i, a, b)).doit()

    assert simplify(S1 + S2) == 0

    # Test the empty sum: m = k and n = k and therefore m = n:
    m = k
    n = k

    a = m
    b = n - 1
    Sz = Sum(i**2, (i, a, b)).doit()

    assert Sz == 0

    # Another example this time with an unspecified summand and
    # numeric limits. (We can not do both tests in the same example.)
    f = Function("f")

    # The normal sum with m < n:
    m = 2
    n = 11

    a = m
    b = n - 1
    S1 = Sum(f(i), (i, a, b)).doit()

    # The reversed sum with m > n:
    m = 11
    n = 2

    a = m
    b = n - 1
    S2 = Sum(f(i), (i, a, b)).doit()

    assert simplify(S1 + S2) == 0

    # Test the empty sum with m = n:
    m = 5
    n = 5

    a = m
    b = n - 1
    Sz = Sum(f(i), (i, a, b)).doit()

    assert Sz == 0

    e = Piecewise((exp(-i), Mod(i, 2) > 0), (0, True))
    s = Sum(e, (i, 0, 11))
    assert s.n(3) == s.doit().n(3)


def test_karr_proposition_2a():
    # Test Karr, page 309, proposition 2, part a
    i = Symbol("i", integer=True)
    u = Symbol("u", integer=True)
    v = Symbol("v", integer=True)

    def test_the_sum(m, n):
        # g
        g = i**3 + 2*i**2 - 3*i
        # f = Delta g
        f = simplify(g.subs(i, i+1) - g)
        # The sum
        a = m
        b = n - 1
        S = Sum(f, (i, a, b)).doit()
        # Test if Sum_{m <= i < n} f(i) = g(n) - g(m)
        assert simplify(S - (g.subs(i, n) - g.subs(i, m))) == 0

    # m < n
    test_the_sum(u,   u+v)
    # m = n
    test_the_sum(u,   u  )
    # m > n
    test_the_sum(u+v, u  )


def test_karr_proposition_2b():
    # Test Karr, page 309, proposition 2, part b
    i = Symbol("i", integer=True)
    u = Symbol("u", integer=True)
    v = Symbol("v", integer=True)
    w = Symbol("w", integer=True)

    def test_the_sum(l, n, m):
        # Summand
        s = i**3
        # First sum
        a = l
        b = n - 1
        S1 = Sum(s, (i, a, b)).doit()
        # Second sum
        a = l
        b = m - 1
        S2 = Sum(s, (i, a, b)).doit()
        # Third sum
        a = m
        b = n - 1
        S3 = Sum(s, (i, a, b)).doit()
        # Test if S1 = S2 + S3 as required
        assert S1 - (S2 + S3) == 0

    # l < m < n
    test_the_sum(u,     u+v,   u+v+w)
    # l < m = n
    test_the_sum(u,     u+v,   u+v  )
    # l < m > n
    test_the_sum(u,     u+v+w, v    )
    # l = m < n
    test_the_sum(u,     u,     u+v  )
    # l = m = n
    test_the_sum(u,     u,     u    )
    # l = m > n
    test_the_sum(u+v,   u+v,   u    )
    # l > m < n
    test_the_sum(u+v,   u,     u+w  )
    # l > m = n
    test_the_sum(u+v,   u,     u    )
    # l > m > n
    test_the_sum(u+v+w, u+v,   u    )


def test_arithmetic_sums():
    assert summation(1, (n, a, b)) == b - a + 1
    assert Sum(S.NaN, (n, a, b)) is S.NaN
    assert Sum(x, (n, a, a)).doit() == x
    assert Sum(x, (x, a, a)).doit() == a
    assert Sum(x, (n, 1, a)).doit() == a*x
    assert Sum(x, (x, Range(1, 11))).doit() == 55
    assert Sum(x, (x, Range(1, 11, 2))).doit() == 25
    assert Sum(x, (x, Range(1, 10, 2))) == Sum(x, (x, Range(9, 0, -2)))
    lo, hi = 1, 2
    s1 = Sum(n, (n, lo, hi))
    s2 = Sum(n, (n, hi, lo))
    assert s1 != s2
    assert s1.doit() == 3 and s2.doit() == 0
    lo, hi = x, x + 1
    s1 = Sum(n, (n, lo, hi))
    s2 = Sum(n, (n, hi, lo))
    assert s1 != s2
    assert s1.doit() == 2*x + 1 and s2.doit() == 0
    assert Sum(Integral(x, (x, 1, y)) + x, (x, 1, 2)).doit() == \
        y**2 + 2
    assert summation(1, (n, 1, 10)) == 10
    assert summation(2*n, (n, 0, 10**10)) == 100000000010000000000
    assert summation(4*n*m, (n, a, 1), (m, 1, d)).expand() == \
        2*d + 2*d**2 + a*d + a*d**2 - d*a**2 - a**2*d**2
    assert summation(cos(n), (n, -2, 1)) == cos(-2) + cos(-1) + cos(0) + cos(1)
    assert summation(cos(n), (n, x, x + 2)) == cos(x) + cos(x + 1) + cos(x + 2)
    assert isinstance(summation(cos(n), (n, x, x + S.Half)), Sum)
    assert summation(k, (k, 0, oo)) is oo
    assert summation(k, (k, Range(1, 11))) == 55


def test_polynomial_sums():
    assert summation(n**2, (n, 3, 8)) == 199
    assert summation(n, (n, a, b)) == \
        ((a + b)*(b - a + 1)/2).expand()
    assert summation(n**2, (n, 1, b)) == \
        ((2*b**3 + 3*b**2 + b)/6).expand()
    assert summation(n**3, (n, 1, b)) == \
        ((b**4 + 2*b**3 + b**2)/4).expand()
    assert summation(n**6, (n, 1, b)) == \
        ((6*b**7 + 21*b**6 + 21*b**5 - 7*b**3 + b)/42).expand()


def test_geometric_sums():
    assert summation(pi**n, (n, 0, b)) == (1 - pi**(b + 1)) / (1 - pi)
    assert summation(2 * 3**n, (n, 0, b)) == 3**(b + 1) - 1
    assert summation(S.Half**n, (n, 1, oo)) == 1
    assert summation(2**n, (n, 0, b)) == 2**(b + 1) - 1
    assert summation(2**n, (n, 1, oo)) is oo
    assert summation(2**(-n), (n, 1, oo)) == 1
    assert summation(3**(-n), (n, 4, oo)) == Rational(1, 54)
    assert summation(2**(-4*n + 3), (n, 1, oo)) == Rational(8, 15)
    assert summation(2**(n + 1), (n, 1, b)).expand() == 4*(2**b - 1)

    # issue 6664:
    assert summation(x**n, (n, 0, oo)) == \
        Piecewise((1/(-x + 1), Abs(x) < 1), (Sum(x**n, (n, 0, oo)), True))

    assert summation(-2**n, (n, 0, oo)) is -oo
    assert summation(I**n, (n, 0, oo)) == Sum(I**n, (n, 0, oo))

    # issue 6802:
    assert summation((-1)**(2*x + 2), (x, 0, n)) == n + 1
    assert summation((-2)**(2*x + 2), (x, 0, n)) == 4*4**(n + 1)/S(3) - Rational(4, 3)
    assert summation((-1)**x, (x, 0, n)) == -(-1)**(n + 1)/S(2) + S.Half
    assert summation(y**x, (x, a, b)) == \
        Piecewise((-a + b + 1, Eq(y, 1)), ((y**a - y**(b + 1))/(-y + 1), True))
    assert summation((-2)**(y*x + 2), (x, 0, n)) == \
        4*Piecewise((n + 1, Eq((-2)**y, 1)),
                    ((-(-2)**(y*(n + 1)) + 1)/(-(-2)**y + 1), True))

    # issue 8251:
    assert summation((1/(n + 1)**2)*n**2, (n, 0, oo)) is oo

    #issue 9908:
    assert Sum(1/(n**3 - 1), (n, -oo, -2)).doit() == summation(1/(n**3 - 1), (n, -oo, -2))

    #issue 11642:
    result = Sum(0.5**n, (n, 1, oo)).doit()
    assert result == 1
    assert result.is_Float

    result = Sum(0.25**n, (n, 1, oo)).doit()
    assert result == 1/3.
    assert result.is_Float

    result = Sum(0.99999**n, (n, 1, oo)).doit()
    assert result == 99999
    assert result.is_Float

    result = Sum(S.Half**n, (n, 1, oo)).doit()
    assert result == 1
    assert not result.is_Float

    result = Sum(Rational(3, 5)**n, (n, 1, oo)).doit()
    assert result == Rational(3, 2)
    assert not result.is_Float

    assert Sum(1.0**n, (n, 1, oo)).doit() is oo
    assert Sum(2.43**n, (n, 1, oo)).doit() is oo

    # Issue 13979
    i, k, q = symbols('i k q', integer=True)
    result = summation(
        exp(-2*I*pi*k*i/n) * exp(2*I*pi*q*i/n) / n, (i, 0, n - 1)
    )
    assert result.simplify() == Piecewise(
            (1, Eq(exp(-2*I*pi*(k - q)/n), 1)), (0, True)
    )


def test_harmonic_sums():
    assert summation(1/k, (k, 0, n)) == Sum(1/k, (k, 0, n))
    assert summation(1/k, (k, 1, n)) == harmonic(n)
    assert summation(n/k, (k, 1, n)) == n*harmonic(n)
    assert summation(1/k, (k, 5, n)) == harmonic(n) - harmonic(4)


def test_composite_sums():
    f = S.Half*(7 - 6*n + Rational(1, 7)*n**3)
    s = summation(f, (n, a, b))
    assert not isinstance(s, Sum)
    A = 0
    for i in range(-3, 5):
        A += f.subs(n, i)
    B = s.subs(a, -3).subs(b, 4)
    assert A == B


def test_hypergeometric_sums():
    assert summation(
        binomial(2*k, k)/4**k, (k, 0, n)) == (1 + 2*n)*binomial(2*n, n)/4**n
    assert summation(binomial(2*k, k)/5**k, (k, -oo, oo)) == sqrt(5)


def test_other_sums():
    f = m**2 + m*exp(m)
    g = 3*exp(Rational(3, 2))/2 + exp(S.Half)/2 - exp(Rational(-1, 2))/2 - 3*exp(Rational(-3, 2))/2 + 5

    assert summation(f, (m, Rational(-3, 2), Rational(3, 2))) == g
    assert summation(f, (m, -1.5, 1.5)).evalf().epsilon_eq(g.evalf(), 1e-10)

fac = factorial


def NS(e, n=15, **options):
    return str(sympify(e).evalf(n, **options))


def test_evalf_fast_series():
    # Euler transformed series for sqrt(1+x)
    assert NS(Sum(
        fac(2*n + 1)/fac(n)**2/2**(3*n + 1), (n, 0, oo)), 100) == NS(sqrt(2), 100)

    # Some series for exp(1)
    estr = NS(E, 100)
    assert NS(Sum(1/fac(n), (n, 0, oo)), 100) == estr
    assert NS(1/Sum((1 - 2*n)/fac(2*n), (n, 0, oo)), 100) == estr
    assert NS(Sum((2*n + 1)/fac(2*n), (n, 0, oo)), 100) == estr
    assert NS(Sum((4*n + 3)/2**(2*n + 1)/fac(2*n + 1), (n, 0, oo))**2, 100) == estr

    pistr = NS(pi, 100)
    # Ramanujan series for pi
    assert NS(9801/sqrt(8)/Sum(fac(
        4*n)*(1103 + 26390*n)/fac(n)**4/396**(4*n), (n, 0, oo)), 100) == pistr
    assert NS(1/Sum(
        binomial(2*n, n)**3 * (42*n + 5)/2**(12*n + 4), (n, 0, oo)), 100) == pistr
    # Machin's formula for pi
    assert NS(16*Sum((-1)**n/(2*n + 1)/5**(2*n + 1), (n, 0, oo)) -
        4*Sum((-1)**n/(2*n + 1)/239**(2*n + 1), (n, 0, oo)), 100) == pistr

    # Apery's constant
    astr = NS(zeta(3), 100)
    P = 126392*n**5 + 412708*n**4 + 531578*n**3 + 336367*n**2 + 104000* \
        n + 12463
    assert NS(Sum((-1)**n * P / 24 * (fac(2*n + 1)*fac(2*n)*fac(
        n))**3 / fac(3*n + 2) / fac(4*n + 3)**3, (n, 0, oo)), 100) == astr
    assert NS(Sum((-1)**n * (205*n**2 + 250*n + 77)/64 * fac(n)**10 /
              fac(2*n + 1)**5, (n, 0, oo)), 100) == astr


def test_evalf_fast_series_issue_4021():
    # Catalan's constant
    assert NS(Sum((-1)**(n - 1)*2**(8*n)*(40*n**2 - 24*n + 3)*fac(2*n)**3*
        fac(n)**2/n**3/(2*n - 1)/fac(4*n)**2, (n, 1, oo))/64, 100) == \
        NS(Catalan, 100)
    astr = NS(zeta(3), 100)
    assert NS(5*Sum(
        (-1)**(n - 1)*fac(n)**2 / n**3 / fac(2*n), (n, 1, oo))/2, 100) == astr
    assert NS(Sum((-1)**(n - 1)*(56*n**2 - 32*n + 5) / (2*n - 1)**2 * fac(n - 1)
              **3 / fac(3*n), (n, 1, oo))/4, 100) == astr


def test_evalf_slow_series():
    assert NS(Sum((-1)**n / n, (n, 1, oo)), 15) == NS(-log(2), 15)
    assert NS(Sum((-1)**n / n, (n, 1, oo)), 50) == NS(-log(2), 50)
    assert NS(Sum(1/n**2, (n, 1, oo)), 15) == NS(pi**2/6, 15)
    assert NS(Sum(1/n**2, (n, 1, oo)), 100) == NS(pi**2/6, 100)
    assert NS(Sum(1/n**2, (n, 1, oo)), 500) == NS(pi**2/6, 500)
    assert NS(Sum((-1)**n / (2*n + 1)**3, (n, 0, oo)), 15) == NS(pi**3/32, 15)
    assert NS(Sum((-1)**n / (2*n + 1)**3, (n, 0, oo)), 50) == NS(pi**3/32, 50)


def test_euler_maclaurin():
    # Exact polynomial sums with E-M
    def check_exact(f, a, b, m, n):
        A = Sum(f, (k, a, b))
        s, e = A.euler_maclaurin(m, n)
        assert (e == 0) and (s.expand() == A.doit())
    check_exact(k**4, a, b, 0, 2)
    check_exact(k**4 + 2*k, a, b, 1, 2)
    check_exact(k**4 + k**2, a, b, 1, 5)
    check_exact(k**5, 2, 6, 1, 2)
    check_exact(k**5, 2, 6, 1, 3)
    assert Sum(x-1, (x, 0, 2)).euler_maclaurin(m=30, n=30, eps=2**-15) == (0, 0)
    # Not exact
    assert Sum(k**6, (k, a, b)).euler_maclaurin(0, 2)[1] != 0
    # Numerical test
    for mi, ni in [(2, 4), (2, 20), (10, 20), (18, 20)]:
        A = Sum(1/k**3, (k, 1, oo))
        s, e = A.euler_maclaurin(mi, ni)
        assert abs((s - zeta(3)).evalf()) < e.evalf()

    raises(ValueError, lambda: Sum(1, (x, 0, 1), (k, 0, 1)).euler_maclaurin())


@slow
def test_evalf_euler_maclaurin():
    assert NS(Sum(1/k**k, (k, 1, oo)), 15) == '1.29128599706266'
    assert NS(Sum(1/k**k, (k, 1, oo)),
              50) == '1.2912859970626635404072825905956005414986193682745'
    assert NS(Sum(1/k - log(1 + 1/k), (k, 1, oo)), 15) == NS(EulerGamma, 15)
    assert NS(Sum(1/k - log(1 + 1/k), (k, 1, oo)), 50) == NS(EulerGamma, 50)
    assert NS(Sum(log(k)/k**2, (k, 1, oo)), 15) == '0.937548254315844'
    assert NS(Sum(log(k)/k**2, (k, 1, oo)),
              50) == '0.93754825431584375370257409456786497789786028861483'
    assert NS(Sum(1/k, (k, 1000000, 2000000)), 15) == '0.693147930560008'
    assert NS(Sum(1/k, (k, 1000000, 2000000)),
              50) == '0.69314793056000780941723211364567656807940638436025'


def test_evalf_symbolic():
    f, g = symbols('f g', cls=Function)
    # issue 6328
    expr = Sum(f(x), (x, 1, 3)) + Sum(g(x), (x, 1, 3))
    assert expr.evalf() == expr


def test_evalf_issue_3273():
    assert Sum(0, (k, 1, oo)).evalf() == 0


def test_simple_products():
    assert Product(S.NaN, (x, 1, 3)) is S.NaN
    assert product(S.NaN, (x, 1, 3)) is S.NaN
    assert Product(x, (n, a, a)).doit() == x
    assert Product(x, (x, a, a)).doit() == a
    assert Product(x, (y, 1, a)).doit() == x**a

    lo, hi = 1, 2
    s1 = Product(n, (n, lo, hi))
    s2 = Product(n, (n, hi, lo))
    assert s1 != s2
    # This IS correct according to Karr product convention
    assert s1.doit() == 2
    assert s2.doit() == 1

    lo, hi = x, x + 1
    s1 = Product(n, (n, lo, hi))
    s2 = Product(n, (n, hi, lo))
    s3 = 1 / Product(n, (n, hi + 1, lo - 1))
    assert s1 != s2
    # This IS correct according to Karr product convention
    assert s1.doit() == x*(x + 1)
    assert s2.doit() == 1
    assert s3.doit() == x*(x + 1)

    assert Product(Integral(2*x, (x, 1, y)) + 2*x, (x, 1, 2)).doit() == \
        (y**2 + 1)*(y**2 + 3)
    assert product(2, (n, a, b)) == 2**(b - a + 1)
    assert product(n, (n, 1, b)) == factorial(b)
    assert product(n**3, (n, 1, b)) == factorial(b)**3
    assert product(3**(2 + n), (n, a, b)) \
        == 3**(2*(1 - a + b) + b/2 + (b**2)/2 + a/2 - (a**2)/2)
    assert product(cos(n), (n, 3, 5)) == cos(3)*cos(4)*cos(5)
    assert product(cos(n), (n, x, x + 2)) == cos(x)*cos(x + 1)*cos(x + 2)
    assert isinstance(product(cos(n), (n, x, x + S.Half)), Product)
    # If Product managed to evaluate this one, it most likely got it wrong!
    assert isinstance(Product(n**n, (n, 1, b)), Product)


def test_rational_products():
    assert combsimp(product(1 + 1/n, (n, a, b))) == (1 + b)/a
    assert combsimp(product(n + 1, (n, a, b))) == gamma(2 + b)/gamma(1 + a)
    assert combsimp(product((n + 1)/(n - 1), (n, a, b))) == b*(1 + b)/(a*(a - 1))
    assert combsimp(product(n/(n + 1)/(n + 2), (n, a, b))) == \
        a*gamma(a + 2)/(b + 1)/gamma(b + 3)
    assert combsimp(product(n*(n + 1)/(n - 1)/(n - 2), (n, a, b))) == \
        b**2*(b - 1)*(1 + b)/(a - 1)**2/(a*(a - 2))


def test_wallis_product():
    # Wallis product, given in two different forms to ensure that Product
    # can factor simple rational expressions
    A = Product(4*n**2 / (4*n**2 - 1), (n, 1, b))
    B = Product((2*n)*(2*n)/(2*n - 1)/(2*n + 1), (n, 1, b))
    R = pi*gamma(b + 1)**2/(2*gamma(b + S.Half)*gamma(b + Rational(3, 2)))
    assert simplify(A.doit()) == R
    assert simplify(B.doit()) == R
    # This one should eventually also be doable (Euler's product formula for sin)
    # assert Product(1+x/n**2, (n, 1, b)) == ...


def test_telescopic_sums():
    #checks also input 2 of comment 1 issue 4127
    assert Sum(1/k - 1/(k + 1), (k, 1, n)).doit() == 1 - 1/(1 + n)
    f = Function("f")
    assert Sum(
        f(k) - f(k + 2), (k, m, n)).doit() == -f(1 + n) - f(2 + n) + f(m) + f(1 + m)
    assert Sum(cos(k) - cos(k + 3), (k, 1, n)).doit() == -cos(1 + n) - \
        cos(2 + n) - cos(3 + n) + cos(1) + cos(2) + cos(3)

    # dummy variable shouldn't matter
    assert telescopic(1/m, -m/(1 + m), (m, n - 1, n)) == \
        telescopic(1/k, -k/(1 + k), (k, n - 1, n))

    assert Sum(1/x/(x - 1), (x, a, b)).doit() == -((a - b - 1)/(b*(a - 1)))


def test_sum_reconstruct():
    s = Sum(n**2, (n, -1, 1))
    assert s == Sum(*s.args)
    raises(ValueError, lambda: Sum(x, x))
    raises(ValueError, lambda: Sum(x, (x, 1)))


def test_limit_subs():
    for F in (Sum, Product, Integral):
        assert F(a*exp(a), (a, -2, 2)) == F(a*exp(a), (a, -b, b)).subs(b, 2)
        assert F(a, (a, F(b, (b, 1, 2)), 4)).subs(F(b, (b, 1, 2)), c) == \
            F(a, (a, c, 4))
        assert F(x, (x, 1, x + y)).subs(x, 1) == F(x, (x, 1, y + 1))


def test_function_subs():
    f = Function("f")
    S = Sum(x*f(y),(x,0,oo),(y,0,oo))
    assert S.subs(f(y),y) == Sum(x*y,(x,0,oo),(y,0,oo))
    assert S.subs(f(x),x) == S
    raises(ValueError, lambda: S.subs(f(y),x+y) )
    S = Sum(x*log(y),(x,0,oo),(y,0,oo))
    assert S.subs(log(y),y) == S
    S = Sum(x*f(y),(x,0,oo),(y,0,oo))
    assert S.subs(f(y),y) == Sum(x*y,(x,0,oo),(y,0,oo))


def test_equality():
    # if this fails remove special handling below
    raises(ValueError, lambda: Sum(x, x))
    r = symbols('x', real=True)
    for F in (Sum, Product, Integral):
        try:
            assert F(x, x) != F(y, y)
            assert F(x, (x, 1, 2)) != F(x, x)
            assert F(x, (x, x)) != F(x, x)  # or else they print the same
            assert F(1, x) != F(1, y)
        except ValueError:
            pass
        assert F(a, (x, 1, 2)) != F(a, (x, 1, 3))  # diff limit
        assert F(a, (x, 1, x)) != F(a, (y, 1, y))
        assert F(a, (x, 1, 2)) != F(b, (x, 1, 2))  # diff expression
        assert F(x, (x, 1, 2)) != F(r, (r, 1, 2))  # diff assumptions
        assert F(1, (x, 1, x)) != F(1, (y, 1, x))  # only dummy is diff
        assert F(1, (x, 1, x)).dummy_eq(F(1, (y, 1, x)))

    # issue 5265
    assert Sum(x, (x, 1, x)).subs(x, a) == Sum(x, (x, 1, a))


def test_Sum_doit():
    f = Function('f')
    assert Sum(n*Integral(a**2), (n, 0, 2)).doit() == a**3
    assert Sum(n*Integral(a**2), (n, 0, 2)).doit(deep=False) == \
        3*Integral(a**2)
    assert summation(n*Integral(a**2), (n, 0, 2)) == 3*Integral(a**2)

    # test nested sum evaluation
    s = Sum( Sum( Sum(2,(z,1,n+1)), (y,x+1,n)), (x,1,n))
    assert 0 == (s.doit() - n*(n+1)*(n-1)).factor()

    # Integer assumes finite
    assert Sum(KroneckerDelta(x, y), (x, -oo, oo)).doit() == Piecewise((1, And(-oo <= y, y < oo)), (0, True))
    assert Sum(KroneckerDelta(m, n), (m, -oo, oo)).doit() == 1
    assert Sum(m*KroneckerDelta(x, y), (x, -oo, oo)).doit() == Piecewise((m, And(-oo <= y, y < oo)), (0, True))
    assert Sum(x*KroneckerDelta(m, n), (m, -oo, oo)).doit() == x
    assert Sum(Sum(KroneckerDelta(m, n), (m, 1, 3)), (n, 1, 3)).doit() == 3
    assert Sum(Sum(KroneckerDelta(k, m), (m, 1, 3)), (n, 1, 3)).doit() == \
           3 * Piecewise((1, And(1 <= k, k <= 3)), (0, True))
    assert Sum(f(n) * Sum(KroneckerDelta(m, n), (m, 0, oo)), (n, 1, 3)).doit() == \
           f(1) + f(2) + f(3)
    assert Sum(f(n) * Sum(KroneckerDelta(m, n), (m, 0, oo)), (n, 1, oo)).doit() == \
           Sum(f(n), (n, 1, oo))

    # issue 2597
    nmax = symbols('N', integer=True, positive=True)
    pw = Piecewise((1, And(1 <= n, n <= nmax)), (0, True))
    assert Sum(pw, (n, 1, nmax)).doit() == Sum(Piecewise((1, nmax >= n),
                    (0, True)), (n, 1, nmax))

    q, s = symbols('q, s')
    assert summation(1/n**(2*s), (n, 1, oo)) == Piecewise((zeta(2*s), 2*s > 1),
        (Sum(n**(-2*s), (n, 1, oo)), True))
    assert summation(1/(n+1)**s, (n, 0, oo)) == Piecewise((zeta(s), s > 1),
        (Sum((n + 1)**(-s), (n, 0, oo)), True))
    assert summation(1/(n+q)**s, (n, 0, oo)) == Piecewise(
        (zeta(s, q), And(q > 0, s > 1)),
        (Sum((n + q)**(-s), (n, 0, oo)), True))
    assert summation(1/(n+q)**s, (n, q, oo)) == Piecewise(
        (zeta(s, 2*q), And(2*q > 0, s > 1)),
        (Sum((n + q)**(-s), (n, q, oo)), True))
    assert summation(1/n**2, (n, 1, oo)) == zeta(2)
    assert summation(1/n**s, (n, 0, oo)) == Sum(n**(-s), (n, 0, oo))


def test_Product_doit():
    assert Product(n*Integral(a**2), (n, 1, 3)).doit() == 2 * a**9 / 9
    assert Product(n*Integral(a**2), (n, 1, 3)).doit(deep=False) == \
        6*Integral(a**2)**3
    assert product(n*Integral(a**2), (n, 1, 3)) == 6*Integral(a**2)**3


def test_Sum_interface():
    assert isinstance(Sum(0, (n, 0, 2)), Sum)
    assert Sum(nan, (n, 0, 2)) is nan
    assert Sum(nan, (n, 0, oo)) is nan
    assert Sum(0, (n, 0, 2)).doit() == 0
    assert isinstance(Sum(0, (n, 0, oo)), Sum)
    assert Sum(0, (n, 0, oo)).doit() == 0
    raises(ValueError, lambda: Sum(1))
    raises(ValueError, lambda: summation(1))


def test_diff():
    assert Sum(x, (x, 1, 2)).diff(x) == 0
    assert Sum(x*y, (x, 1, 2)).diff(x) == 0
    assert Sum(x*y, (y, 1, 2)).diff(x) == Sum(y, (y, 1, 2))
    e = Sum(x*y, (x, 1, a))
    assert e.diff(a) == Derivative(e, a)
    assert Sum(x*y, (x, 1, 3), (a, 2, 5)).diff(y).doit() == \
        Sum(x*y, (x, 1, 3), (a, 2, 5)).doit().diff(y) == 24
    assert Sum(x, (x, 1, 2)).diff(y) == 0


def test_hypersum():
    from sympy import sin
    assert simplify(summation(x**n/fac(n), (n, 1, oo))) == -1 + exp(x)
    assert summation((-1)**n * x**(2*n) / fac(2*n), (n, 0, oo)) == cos(x)
    assert simplify(summation((-1)**n*x**(2*n + 1) /
        factorial(2*n + 1), (n, 3, oo))) == -x + sin(x) + x**3/6 - x**5/120

    assert summation(1/(n + 2)**3, (n, 1, oo)) == Rational(-9, 8) + zeta(3)
    assert summation(1/n**4, (n, 1, oo)) == pi**4/90

    s = summation(x**n*n, (n, -oo, 0))
    assert s.is_Piecewise
    assert s.args[0].args[0] == -1/(x*(1 - 1/x)**2)
    assert s.args[0].args[1] == (abs(1/x) < 1)

    m = Symbol('n', integer=True, positive=True)
    assert summation(binomial(m, k), (k, 0, m)) == 2**m


def test_issue_4170():
    assert summation(1/factorial(k), (k, 0, oo)) == E


def test_is_commutative():
    from sympy.physics.secondquant import NO, F, Fd
    m = Symbol('m', commutative=False)
    for f in (Sum, Product, Integral):
        assert f(z, (z, 1, 1)).is_commutative is True
        assert f(z*y, (z, 1, 6)).is_commutative is True
        assert f(m*x, (x, 1, 2)).is_commutative is False

        assert f(NO(Fd(x)*F(y))*z, (z, 1, 2)).is_commutative is False


def test_is_zero():
    for func in [Sum, Product]:
        assert func(0, (x, 1, 1)).is_zero is True
        assert func(x, (x, 1, 1)).is_zero is None

    assert Sum(0, (x, 1, 0)).is_zero is True
    assert Product(0, (x, 1, 0)).is_zero is False


def test_is_number():
    # is number should not rely on evaluation or assumptions,
    # it should be equivalent to `not foo.free_symbols`
    assert Sum(1, (x, 1, 1)).is_number is True
    assert Sum(1, (x, 1, x)).is_number is False
    assert Sum(0, (x, y, z)).is_number is False
    assert Sum(x, (y, 1, 2)).is_number is False
    assert Sum(x, (y, 1, 1)).is_number is False
    assert Sum(x, (x, 1, 2)).is_number is True
    assert Sum(x*y, (x, 1, 2), (y, 1, 3)).is_number is True

    assert Product(2, (x, 1, 1)).is_number is True
    assert Product(2, (x, 1, y)).is_number is False
    assert Product(0, (x, y, z)).is_number is False
    assert Product(1, (x, y, z)).is_number is False
    assert Product(x, (y, 1, x)).is_number is False
    assert Product(x, (y, 1, 2)).is_number is False
    assert Product(x, (y, 1, 1)).is_number is False
    assert Product(x, (x, 1, 2)).is_number is True


def test_free_symbols():
    for func in [Sum, Product]:
        assert func(1, (x, 1, 2)).free_symbols == set()
        assert func(0, (x, 1, y)).free_symbols == {y}
        assert func(2, (x, 1, y)).free_symbols == {y}
        assert func(x, (x, 1, 2)).free_symbols == set()
        assert func(x, (x, 1, y)).free_symbols == {y}
        assert func(x, (y, 1, y)).free_symbols == {x, y}
        assert func(x, (y, 1, 2)).free_symbols == {x}
        assert func(x, (y, 1, 1)).free_symbols == {x}
        assert func(x, (y, 1, z)).free_symbols == {x, z}
        assert func(x, (x, 1, y), (y, 1, 2)).free_symbols == set()
        assert func(x, (x, 1, y), (y, 1, z)).free_symbols == {z}
        assert func(x, (x, 1, y), (y, 1, y)).free_symbols == {y}
        assert func(x, (y, 1, y), (y, 1, z)).free_symbols == {x, z}
    assert Sum(1, (x, 1, y)).free_symbols == {y}
    # free_symbols answers whether the object *as written* has free symbols,
    # not whether the evaluated expression has free symbols
    assert Product(1, (x, 1, y)).free_symbols == {y}


def test_conjugate_transpose():
    A, B = symbols("A B", commutative=False)
    p = Sum(A*B**n, (n, 1, 3))
    assert p.adjoint().doit() == p.doit().adjoint()
    assert p.conjugate().doit() == p.doit().conjugate()
    assert p.transpose().doit() == p.doit().transpose()

    p = Sum(B**n*A, (n, 1, 3))
    assert p.adjoint().doit() == p.doit().adjoint()
    assert p.conjugate().doit() == p.doit().conjugate()
    assert p.transpose().doit() == p.doit().transpose()


def test_noncommutativity_honoured():
    A, B = symbols("A B", commutative=False)
    M = symbols('M', integer=True, positive=True)
    p = Sum(A*B**n, (n, 1, M))
    assert p.doit() == A*Piecewise((M, Eq(B, 1)),
                                   ((B - B**(M + 1))*(1 - B)**(-1), True))

    p = Sum(B**n*A, (n, 1, M))
    assert p.doit() == Piecewise((M, Eq(B, 1)),
                                 ((B - B**(M + 1))*(1 - B)**(-1), True))*A

    p = Sum(B**n*A*B**n, (n, 1, M))
    assert p.doit() == p


def test_issue_4171():
    assert summation(factorial(2*k + 1)/factorial(2*k), (k, 0, oo)) is oo
    assert summation(2*k + 1, (k, 0, oo)) is oo


def test_issue_6273():
    assert Sum(x, (x, 1, n)).n(2, subs={n: 1}) == 1


def test_issue_6274():
    assert Sum(x, (x, 1, 0)).doit() == 0
    assert NS(Sum(x, (x, 1, 0))) == '0'
    assert Sum(n, (n, 10, 5)).doit() == -30
    assert NS(Sum(n, (n, 10, 5))) == '-30.0000000000000'


def test_simplify_sum():
    y, t, v = symbols('y, t, v')

    _simplify = lambda e: simplify(e, doit=False)
    assert _simplify(Sum(x*y, (x, n, m), (y, a, k)) + \
        Sum(y, (x, n, m), (y, a, k))) == Sum(y * (x + 1), (x, n, m), (y, a, k))
    assert _simplify(Sum(x, (x, n, m)) + Sum(x, (x, m + 1, a))) == \
        Sum(x, (x, n, a))
    assert _simplify(Sum(x, (x, k + 1, a)) + Sum(x, (x, n, k))) == \
        Sum(x, (x, n, a))
    assert _simplify(Sum(x, (x, k + 1, a)) + Sum(x + 1, (x, n, k))) == \
        Sum(x, (x, n, a)) + Sum(1, (x, n, k))
    assert _simplify(Sum(x, (x, 0, 3)) * 3 + 3 * Sum(x, (x, 4, 6)) + \
        4 * Sum(z, (z, 0, 1))) == 4*Sum(z, (z, 0, 1)) + 3*Sum(x, (x, 0, 6))
    assert _simplify(3*Sum(x**2, (x, a, b)) + Sum(x, (x, a, b))) == \
        Sum(x*(3*x + 1), (x, a, b))
    assert _simplify(Sum(x**3, (x, n, k)) * 3 + 3 * Sum(x, (x, n, k)) + \
        4 * y * Sum(z, (z, n, k))) + 1 == \
            4*y*Sum(z, (z, n, k)) + 3*Sum(x**3 + x, (x, n, k)) + 1
    assert _simplify(Sum(x, (x, a, b)) + 1 + Sum(x, (x, b + 1, c))) == \
        1 + Sum(x, (x, a, c))
    assert _simplify(Sum(x, (t, a, b)) + Sum(y, (t, a, b)) + \
        Sum(x, (t, b+1, c))) == x * Sum(1, (t, a, c)) + y * Sum(1, (t, a, b))
    assert _simplify(Sum(x, (t, a, b)) + Sum(x, (t, b+1, c)) + \
        Sum(y, (t, a, b))) == x * Sum(1, (t, a, c)) + y * Sum(1, (t, a, b))
    assert _simplify(Sum(x, (t, a, b)) + 2 * Sum(x, (t, b+1, c))) == \
        _simplify(Sum(x, (t, a, b)) + Sum(x, (t, b+1, c)) + Sum(x, (t, b+1, c)))
    assert _simplify(Sum(x, (x, a, b))*Sum(x**2, (x, a, b))) == \
        Sum(x, (x, a, b)) * Sum(x**2, (x, a, b))
    assert _simplify(Sum(x, (t, a, b)) + Sum(y, (t, a, b)) + Sum(z, (t, a, b))) \
        == (x + y + z) * Sum(1, (t, a, b))          # issue 8596
    assert _simplify(Sum(x, (t, a, b)) + Sum(y, (t, a, b)) + Sum(z, (t, a, b)) + \
        Sum(v, (t, a, b))) == (x + y + z + v) * Sum(1, (t, a, b))  # issue 8596
    assert _simplify(Sum(x * y, (x, a, b)) / (3 * y)) == \
        (Sum(x, (x, a, b)) / 3)
    assert _simplify(Sum(Function('f')(x) * y * z, (x, a, b)) / (y * z)) \
        == Sum(Function('f')(x), (x, a, b))
    assert _simplify(Sum(c * x, (x, a, b)) - c * Sum(x, (x, a, b))) == 0
    assert _simplify(c * (Sum(x, (x, a, b))  + y)) == c * (y + Sum(x, (x, a, b)))
    assert _simplify(c * (Sum(x, (x, a, b)) + y * Sum(x, (x, a, b)))) == \
        c * (y + 1) * Sum(x, (x, a, b))
    assert _simplify(Sum(Sum(c * x, (x, a, b)), (y, a, b))) == \
                c * Sum(x, (x, a, b), (y, a, b))
    assert _simplify(Sum((3 + y) * Sum(c * x, (x, a, b)), (y, a, b))) == \
                c * Sum((3 + y), (y, a, b)) * Sum(x, (x, a, b))
    assert _simplify(Sum((3 + t) * Sum(c * t, (x, a, b)), (y, a, b))) == \
                c*t*(t + 3)*Sum(1, (x, a, b))*Sum(1, (y, a, b))
    assert _simplify(Sum(Sum(d * t, (x, a, b - 1)) + \
                Sum(d * t, (x, b, c)), (t, a, b))) == \
                    d * Sum(1, (x, a, c)) * Sum(t, (t, a, b))


def test_change_index():
    b, v, w = symbols('b, v, w', integer = True)

    assert Sum(x, (x, a, b)).change_index(x, x + 1, y) == \
        Sum(y - 1, (y, a + 1, b + 1))
    assert Sum(x**2, (x, a, b)).change_index( x, x - 1) == \
        Sum((x+1)**2, (x, a - 1, b - 1))
    assert Sum(x**2, (x, a, b)).change_index( x, -x, y) == \
        Sum((-y)**2, (y, -b, -a))
    assert Sum(x, (x, a, b)).change_index( x, -x - 1) == \
        Sum(-x - 1, (x, -b - 1, -a - 1))
    assert Sum(x*y, (x, a, b), (y, c, d)).change_index( x, x - 1, z) == \
        Sum((z + 1)*y, (z, a - 1, b - 1), (y, c, d))
    assert Sum(x, (x, a, b)).change_index( x, x + v) == \
        Sum(-v + x, (x, a + v, b + v))
    assert Sum(x, (x, a, b)).change_index( x, -x - v) == \
        Sum(-v - x, (x, -b - v, -a - v))
    assert Sum(x, (x, a, b)).change_index(x, w*x, v) == \
        Sum(v/w, (v, b*w, a*w))
    raises(ValueError, lambda: Sum(x, (x, a, b)).change_index(x, 2*x))


def test_reorder():
    b, y, c, d, z = symbols('b, y, c, d, z', integer = True)

    assert Sum(x*y, (x, a, b), (y, c, d)).reorder((0, 1)) == \
        Sum(x*y, (y, c, d), (x, a, b))
    assert Sum(x, (x, a, b), (x, c, d)).reorder((0, 1)) == \
        Sum(x, (x, c, d), (x, a, b))
    assert Sum(x*y + z, (x, a, b), (z, m, n), (y, c, d)).reorder(\
        (2, 0), (0, 1)) == Sum(x*y + z, (z, m, n), (y, c, d), (x, a, b))
    assert Sum(x*y*z, (x, a, b), (y, c, d), (z, m, n)).reorder(\
        (0, 1), (1, 2), (0, 2)) == Sum(x*y*z, (x, a, b), (z, m, n), (y, c, d))
    assert Sum(x*y*z, (x, a, b), (y, c, d), (z, m, n)).reorder(\
        (x, y), (y, z), (x, z)) == Sum(x*y*z, (x, a, b), (z, m, n), (y, c, d))
    assert Sum(x*y, (x, a, b), (y, c, d)).reorder((x, 1)) == \
        Sum(x*y, (y, c, d), (x, a, b))
    assert Sum(x*y, (x, a, b), (y, c, d)).reorder((y, x)) == \
        Sum(x*y, (y, c, d), (x, a, b))


def test_reverse_order():
    assert Sum(x, (x, 0, 3)).reverse_order(0) == Sum(-x, (x, 4, -1))
    assert Sum(x*y, (x, 1, 5), (y, 0, 6)).reverse_order(0, 1) == \
           Sum(x*y, (x, 6, 0), (y, 7, -1))
    assert Sum(x, (x, 1, 2)).reverse_order(0) == Sum(-x, (x, 3, 0))
    assert Sum(x, (x, 1, 3)).reverse_order(0) == Sum(-x, (x, 4, 0))
    assert Sum(x, (x, 1, a)).reverse_order(0) == Sum(-x, (x, a + 1, 0))
    assert Sum(x, (x, a, 5)).reverse_order(0) == Sum(-x, (x, 6, a - 1))
    assert Sum(x, (x, a + 1, a + 5)).reverse_order(0) == \
                         Sum(-x, (x, a + 6, a))
    assert Sum(x, (x, a + 1, a + 2)).reverse_order(0) == \
           Sum(-x, (x, a + 3, a))
    assert Sum(x, (x, a + 1, a + 1)).reverse_order(0) == \
           Sum(-x, (x, a + 2, a))
    assert Sum(x, (x, a, b)).reverse_order(0) == Sum(-x, (x, b + 1, a - 1))
    assert Sum(x, (x, a, b)).reverse_order(x) == Sum(-x, (x, b + 1, a - 1))
    assert Sum(x*y, (x, a, b), (y, 2, 5)).reverse_order(x, 1) == \
        Sum(x*y, (x, b + 1, a - 1), (y, 6, 1))
    assert Sum(x*y, (x, a, b), (y, 2, 5)).reverse_order(y, x) == \
        Sum(x*y, (x, b + 1, a - 1), (y, 6, 1))


def test_issue_7097():
    assert sum(x**n/n for n in range(1, 401)) == summation(x**n/n, (n, 1, 400))


def test_factor_expand_subs():
    # test factoring
    assert Sum(4 * x, (x, 1, y)).factor() == 4 * Sum(x, (x, 1, y))
    assert Sum(x * a, (x, 1, y)).factor() == a * Sum(x, (x, 1, y))
    assert Sum(4 * x * a, (x, 1, y)).factor() == 4 * a * Sum(x, (x, 1, y))
    assert Sum(4 * x * y, (x, 1, y)).factor() == 4 * y * Sum(x, (x, 1, y))

    # test expand
    assert Sum(x+1,(x,1,y)).expand() == Sum(x,(x,1,y)) + Sum(1,(x,1,y))
    assert Sum(x+a*x**2,(x,1,y)).expand() == Sum(x,(x,1,y)) + Sum(a*x**2,(x,1,y))
    assert Sum(x**(n + 1)*(n + 1), (n, -1, oo)).expand() \
        == Sum(x*x**n, (n, -1, oo)) + Sum(n*x*x**n, (n, -1, oo))
    assert Sum(x**(n + 1)*(n + 1), (n, -1, oo)).expand(power_exp=False) \
        == Sum(n*x**(n+1), (n, -1, oo)) + Sum(x**(n+1), (n, -1, oo))
    assert Sum(a*n+a*n**2,(n,0,4)).expand() \
        == Sum(a*n,(n,0,4)) + Sum(a*n**2,(n,0,4))
    assert Sum(x**a*x**n,(x,0,3)) \
        == Sum(x**(a+n),(x,0,3)).expand(power_exp=True)
    assert Sum(x**(a+n),(x,0,3)) \
        == Sum(x**(a+n),(x,0,3)).expand(power_exp=False)

    # test subs
    assert Sum(1/(1+a*x**2),(x,0,3)).subs([(a,3)]) == Sum(1/(1+3*x**2),(x,0,3))
    assert Sum(x*y,(x,0,y),(y,0,x)).subs([(x,3)]) == Sum(x*y,(x,0,y),(y,0,3))
    assert Sum(x,(x,1,10)).subs([(x,y-2)]) == Sum(x,(x,1,10))
    assert Sum(1/x,(x,1,10)).subs([(x,(3+n)**3)]) == Sum(1/x,(x,1,10))
    assert Sum(1/x,(x,1,10)).subs([(x,3*x-2)]) == Sum(1/x,(x,1,10))


def test_distribution_over_equality():
    f = Function('f')
    assert Product(Eq(x*2, f(x)), (x, 1, 3)).doit() == Eq(48, f(1)*f(2)*f(3))
    assert Sum(Eq(f(x), x**2), (x, 0, y)) == \
        Eq(Sum(f(x), (x, 0, y)), Sum(x**2, (x, 0, y)))


def test_issue_2787():
    n, k = symbols('n k', positive=True, integer=True)
    p = symbols('p', positive=True)
    binomial_dist = binomial(n, k)*p**k*(1 - p)**(n - k)
    s = Sum(binomial_dist*k, (k, 0, n))
    res = s.doit().simplify()
    assert res == Piecewise(
        (n*p, p/Abs(p - 1) <= 1),
        ((-p + 1)**n*Sum(k*p**k*(-p + 1)**(-k)*binomial(n, k), (k, 0, n)),
        True))
    # Issue #17165: make sure that another simplify does not change/increase
    # the result
    assert res == res.simplify()


def test_issue_4668():
    assert summation(1/n, (n, 2, oo)) is oo


def test_matrix_sum():
    A = Matrix([[0, 1], [n, 0]])

    result = Sum(A, (n, 0, 3)).doit()
    assert result == Matrix([[0, 4], [6, 0]])
    assert result.__class__ == ImmutableDenseMatrix

    A = SparseMatrix([[0, 1], [n, 0]])

    result = Sum(A, (n, 0, 3)).doit()
    assert result.__class__ == ImmutableSparseMatrix


def test_failing_matrix_sum():
    n = Symbol('n')
    # TODO Implement matrix geometric series summation.
    A = Matrix([[0, 1, 0], [-1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]])
    assert Sum(A ** n, (n, 1, 4)).doit() == \
        Matrix([[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]])
    # issue sympy/sympy#16989
    assert summation(A**n, (n, 1, 1)) == A


def test_indexed_idx_sum():
    i = symbols('i', cls=Idx)
    r = Indexed('r', i)
    assert Sum(r, (i, 0, 3)).doit() == sum([r.xreplace({i: j}) for j in range(4)])
    assert Product(r, (i, 0, 3)).doit() == prod([r.xreplace({i: j}) for j in range(4)])

    j = symbols('j', integer=True)
    assert Sum(r, (i, j, j+2)).doit() == sum([r.xreplace({i: j+k}) for k in range(3)])
    assert Product(r, (i, j, j+2)).doit() == prod([r.xreplace({i: j+k}) for k in range(3)])

    k = Idx('k', range=(1, 3))
    A = IndexedBase('A')
    assert Sum(A[k], k).doit() == sum([A[Idx(j, (1, 3))] for j in range(1, 4)])
    assert Product(A[k], k).doit() == prod([A[Idx(j, (1, 3))] for j in range(1, 4)])

    raises(ValueError, lambda: Sum(A[k], (k, 1, 4)))
    raises(ValueError, lambda: Sum(A[k], (k, 0, 3)))
    raises(ValueError, lambda: Sum(A[k], (k, 2, oo)))

    raises(ValueError, lambda: Product(A[k], (k, 1, 4)))
    raises(ValueError, lambda: Product(A[k], (k, 0, 3)))
    raises(ValueError, lambda: Product(A[k], (k, 2, oo)))


def test_is_convergent():
    # divergence tests --
    assert Sum(n/(2*n + 1), (n, 1, oo)).is_convergent() is S.false
    assert Sum(factorial(n)/5**n, (n, 1, oo)).is_convergent() is S.false
    assert Sum(3**(-2*n - 1)*n**n, (n, 1, oo)).is_convergent() is S.false
    assert Sum((-1)**n*n, (n, 3, oo)).is_convergent() is S.false
    assert Sum((-1)**n, (n, 1, oo)).is_convergent() is S.false
    assert Sum(log(1/n), (n, 2, oo)).is_convergent() is S.false

    # Raabe's test --
    assert Sum(Product((3*m),(m,1,n))/Product((3*m+4),(m,1,n)),(n,1,oo)).is_convergent() is S.true

    # root test --
    assert Sum((-12)**n/n, (n, 1, oo)).is_convergent() is S.false

    # integral test --

    # p-series test --
    assert Sum(1/(n**2 + 1), (n, 1, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true
    assert Sum(1/n**Rational(6, 5), (n, 1, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true
    assert Sum(2/(n*sqrt(n - 1)), (n, 2, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true
    assert Sum(1/(sqrt(n)*sqrt(n)), (n, 2, oo)).is_convergent() is S.false
    assert Sum(factorial(n) / factorial(n+2), (n, 1, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true
    assert Sum(rf(5,n)/rf(7,n),(n,1,oo)).is_convergent() is S.true
    assert Sum((rf(1, n)*rf(2, n))/(rf(3, n)*factorial(n)),(n,1,oo)).is_convergent() is S.false

    # comparison test --
    assert Sum(1/(n + log(n)), (n, 1, oo)).is_convergent() is S.false
    assert Sum(1/(n**2*log(n)), (n, 2, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true
    assert Sum(1/(n*log(n)), (n, 2, oo)).is_convergent() is S.false
    assert Sum(2/(n*log(n)*log(log(n))**2), (n, 5, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true
    assert Sum(2/(n*log(n)**2), (n, 2, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true
    assert Sum((n - 1)/(n**2*log(n)**3), (n, 2, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true
    assert Sum(1/(n*log(n)*log(log(n))), (n, 5, oo)).is_convergent() is S.false
    assert Sum((n - 1)/(n*log(n)**3), (n, 3, oo)).is_convergent() is S.false
    assert Sum(2/(n**2*log(n)), (n, 2, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true
    assert Sum(1/(n*sqrt(log(n))*log(log(n))), (n, 100, oo)).is_convergent() is S.false
    assert Sum(log(log(n))/(n*log(n)**2), (n, 100, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true
    assert Sum(log(n)/n**2, (n, 5, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true

    # alternating series tests --
    assert Sum((-1)**(n - 1)/(n**2 - 1), (n, 3, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true

    # with -negativeInfinite Limits
    assert Sum(1/(n**2 + 1), (n, -oo, 1)).is_convergent() is S.true
    assert Sum(1/(n - 1), (n, -oo, -1)).is_convergent() is S.false
    assert Sum(1/(n**2 - 1), (n, -oo, -5)).is_convergent() is S.true
    assert Sum(1/(n**2 - 1), (n, -oo, 2)).is_convergent() is S.true
    assert Sum(1/(n**2 - 1), (n, -oo, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true

    # piecewise functions
    f = Piecewise((n**(-2), n <= 1), (n**2, n > 1))
    assert Sum(f, (n, 1, oo)).is_convergent() is S.false
    assert Sum(f, (n, -oo, oo)).is_convergent() is S.false
    assert Sum(f, (n, 1, 100)).is_convergent() is S.true
    #assert Sum(f, (n, -oo, 1)).is_convergent() is S.true

    # integral test

    assert Sum(log(n)/n**3, (n, 1, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true
    assert Sum(-log(n)/n**3, (n, 1, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true
    # the following function has maxima located at (x, y) =
    # (1.2, 0.43), (3.0, -0.25) and (6.8, 0.050)
    eq = (x - 2)*(x**2 - 6*x + 4)*exp(-x)
    assert Sum(eq, (x, 1, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true
    assert Sum(eq, (x, 1, 2)).is_convergent() is S.true
    assert Sum(1/(x**3), (x, 1, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true
    assert Sum(1/(x**S.Half), (x, 1, oo)).is_convergent() is S.false

    # issue 19545
    assert Sum(1/n - 3/(3*n +2), (n, 1, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true

    # issue 19836
    assert Sum(4/(n + 2) - 5/(n + 1) + 1/n,(n, 7, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true


def test_is_absolutely_convergent():
    assert Sum((-1)**n, (n, 1, oo)).is_absolutely_convergent() is S.false
    assert Sum((-1)**n/n**2, (n, 1, oo)).is_absolutely_convergent() is S.true


@XFAIL
def test_convergent_failing():
    # dirichlet tests
    assert Sum(sin(n)/n, (n, 1, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true
    assert Sum(sin(2*n)/n, (n, 1, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true


def test_issue_6966():
    i, k, m = symbols('i k m', integer=True)
    z_i, q_i = symbols('z_i q_i')
    a_k = Sum(-q_i*z_i/k,(i,1,m))
    b_k = a_k.diff(z_i)
    assert isinstance(b_k, Sum)
    assert b_k == Sum(-q_i/k,(i,1,m))


def test_issue_10156():
    cx = Sum(2*y**2*x, (x, 1,3))
    e = 2*y*Sum(2*cx*x**2, (x, 1, 9))
    assert e.factor() == \
        8*y**3*Sum(x, (x, 1, 3))*Sum(x**2, (x, 1, 9))


def test_issue_10973():
    assert Sum((-n + (n**3 + 1)**(S(1)/3))/log(n), (n, 1, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true


def test_issue_14129():
    assert Sum( k*x**k, (k, 0, n-1)).doit() == \
        Piecewise((n**2/2 - n/2, Eq(x, 1)), ((n*x*x**n -
            n*x**n - x*x**n + x)/(x - 1)**2, True))
    assert Sum( x**k, (k, 0, n-1)).doit() == \
        Piecewise((n, Eq(x, 1)), ((-x**n + 1)/(-x + 1), True))
    assert Sum( k*(x/y+x)**k, (k, 0, n-1)).doit() == \
        Piecewise((n*(n - 1)/2, Eq(x, y/(y + 1))),
        (x*(y + 1)*(n*x*y*(x + x/y)**n/(x + x/y)
        + n*x*(x + x/y)**n/(x + x/y) - n*y*(x
        + x/y)**n/(x + x/y) - x*y*(x + x/y)**n/(x
        + x/y) - x*(x + x/y)**n/(x + x/y) + y)/(x*y
        + x - y)**2, True))


def test_issue_14112():
    assert Sum((-1)**n/sqrt(n), (n, 1, oo)).is_absolutely_convergent() is S.false
    assert Sum((-1)**(2*n)/n, (n, 1, oo)).is_convergent() is S.false
    assert Sum((-2)**n + (-3)**n, (n, 1, oo)).is_convergent() is S.false


def test_sin_times_absolutely_convergent():
    assert Sum(sin(n) / n**3, (n, 1, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true
    assert Sum(sin(n) * log(n) / n**3, (n, 1, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true


def test_issue_14111():
    assert Sum(1/log(log(n)), (n, 22, oo)).is_convergent() is S.false


def test_issue_14484():
    raises(NotImplementedError, lambda: Sum(sin(n)/log(log(n)), (n, 22, oo)).is_convergent())


def test_issue_14640():
    i, n = symbols("i n", integer=True)
    a, b, c = symbols("a b c")

    assert Sum(a**-i/(a - b), (i, 0, n)).doit() == Sum(
        1/(a*a**i - a**i*b), (i, 0, n)).doit() == Piecewise(
            (n + 1, Eq(1/a, 1)),
            ((-a**(-n - 1) + 1)/(1 - 1/a), True))/(a - b)

    assert Sum((b*a**i - c*a**i)**-2, (i, 0, n)).doit() == Piecewise(
        (n + 1, Eq(a**(-2), 1)),
        ((-a**(-2*n - 2) + 1)/(1 - 1/a**2), True))/(b - c)**2

    s = Sum(i*(a**(n - i) - b**(n - i))/(a - b), (i, 0, n)).doit()
    assert not s.has(Sum)
    assert s.subs({a: 2, b: 3, n: 5}) == 122


def test_issue_15943():
    s = Sum(binomial(n, k)*factorial(n - k), (k, 0, n)).doit().rewrite(gamma)
    assert s == -E*(n + 1)*gamma(n + 1)*lowergamma(n + 1, 1)/gamma(n + 2
        ) + E*gamma(n + 1)
    assert s.simplify() == E*(factorial(n) - lowergamma(n + 1, 1))


def test_Sum_dummy_eq():
    assert not Sum(x, (x, a, b)).dummy_eq(1)
    assert not Sum(x, (x, a, b)).dummy_eq(Sum(x, (x, a, b), (a, 1, 2)))
    assert not Sum(x, (x, a, b)).dummy_eq(Sum(x, (x, a, c)))
    assert Sum(x, (x, a, b)).dummy_eq(Sum(x, (x, a, b)))
    d = Dummy()
    assert Sum(x, (x, a, d)).dummy_eq(Sum(x, (x, a, c)), c)
    assert not Sum(x, (x, a, d)).dummy_eq(Sum(x, (x, a, c)))
    assert Sum(x, (x, a, c)).dummy_eq(Sum(y, (y, a, c)))
    assert Sum(x, (x, a, d)).dummy_eq(Sum(y, (y, a, c)), c)
    assert not Sum(x, (x, a, d)).dummy_eq(Sum(y, (y, a, c)))


def test_issue_15852():
    assert summation(x**y*y, (y, -oo, oo)).doit() == Sum(x**y*y, (y, -oo, oo))


def test_exceptions():
    S = Sum(x, (x, a, b))
    raises(ValueError, lambda: S.change_index(x, x**2, y))
    S = Sum(x, (x, a, b), (x, 1, 4))
    raises(ValueError, lambda: S.index(x))
    S = Sum(x, (x, a, b), (y, 1, 4))
    raises(ValueError, lambda: S.reorder([x]))
    S = Sum(x, (x, y, b), (y, 1, 4))
    raises(ReorderError, lambda: S.reorder_limit(0, 1))
    S = Sum(x*y, (x, a, b), (y, 1, 4))
    raises(NotImplementedError, lambda: S.is_convergent())


def test_sumproducts_assumptions():
    M = Symbol('M', integer=True, positive=True)

    m = Symbol('m', integer=True)
    for func in [Sum, Product]:
        assert func(m, (m, -M, M)).is_positive is None
        assert func(m, (m, -M, M)).is_nonpositive is None
        assert func(m, (m, -M, M)).is_negative is None
        assert func(m, (m, -M, M)).is_nonnegative is None
        assert func(m, (m, -M, M)).is_finite is True

    m = Symbol('m', integer=True, nonnegative=True)
    for func in [Sum, Product]:
        assert func(m, (m, 0, M)).is_positive is None
        assert func(m, (m, 0, M)).is_nonpositive is None
        assert func(m, (m, 0, M)).is_negative is False
        assert func(m, (m, 0, M)).is_nonnegative is True
        assert func(m, (m, 0, M)).is_finite is True

    m = Symbol('m', integer=True, positive=True)
    for func in [Sum, Product]:
        assert func(m, (m, 1, M)).is_positive is True
        assert func(m, (m, 1, M)).is_nonpositive is False
        assert func(m, (m, 1, M)).is_negative is False
        assert func(m, (m, 1, M)).is_nonnegative is True
        assert func(m, (m, 1, M)).is_finite is True

    m = Symbol('m', integer=True, negative=True)
    assert Sum(m, (m, -M, -1)).is_positive is False
    assert Sum(m, (m, -M, -1)).is_nonpositive is True
    assert Sum(m, (m, -M, -1)).is_negative is True
    assert Sum(m, (m, -M, -1)).is_nonnegative is False
    assert Sum(m, (m, -M, -1)).is_finite is True
    assert Product(m, (m, -M, -1)).is_positive is None
    assert Product(m, (m, -M, -1)).is_nonpositive is None
    assert Product(m, (m, -M, -1)).is_negative is None
    assert Product(m, (m, -M, -1)).is_nonnegative is None
    assert Product(m, (m, -M, -1)).is_finite is True

    m = Symbol('m', integer=True, nonpositive=True)
    assert Sum(m, (m, -M, 0)).is_positive is False
    assert Sum(m, (m, -M, 0)).is_nonpositive is True
    assert Sum(m, (m, -M, 0)).is_negative is None
    assert Sum(m, (m, -M, 0)).is_nonnegative is None
    assert Sum(m, (m, -M, 0)).is_finite is True
    assert Product(m, (m, -M, 0)).is_positive is None
    assert Product(m, (m, -M, 0)).is_nonpositive is None
    assert Product(m, (m, -M, 0)).is_negative is None
    assert Product(m, (m, -M, 0)).is_nonnegative is None
    assert Product(m, (m, -M, 0)).is_finite is True

    m = Symbol('m', integer=True)
    assert Sum(2, (m, 0, oo)).is_positive is None
    assert Sum(2, (m, 0, oo)).is_nonpositive is None
    assert Sum(2, (m, 0, oo)).is_negative is None
    assert Sum(2, (m, 0, oo)).is_nonnegative is None
    assert Sum(2, (m, 0, oo)).is_finite is None

    assert Product(2, (m, 0, oo)).is_positive is None
    assert Product(2, (m, 0, oo)).is_nonpositive is None
    assert Product(2, (m, 0, oo)).is_negative is False
    assert Product(2, (m, 0, oo)).is_nonnegative is None
    assert Product(2, (m, 0, oo)).is_finite is None

    assert Product(0, (x, M, M-1)).is_positive is True
    assert Product(0, (x, M, M-1)).is_finite is True


def test_expand_with_assumptions():
    M = Symbol('M', integer=True, positive=True)
    x = Symbol('x', positive=True)
    m = Symbol('m', nonnegative=True)
    assert log(Product(x**m, (m, 0, M))).expand() == Sum(m*log(x), (m, 0, M))
    assert log(Product(exp(x**m), (m, 0, M))).expand() == Sum(x**m, (m, 0, M))
    assert log(Product(x**m, (m, 0, M))).rewrite(Sum).expand() == Sum(m*log(x), (m, 0, M))
    assert log(Product(exp(x**m), (m, 0, M))).rewrite(Sum).expand() == Sum(x**m, (m, 0, M))

    n = Symbol('n', nonnegative=True)
    i, j = symbols('i,j', positive=True, integer=True)
    x, y = symbols('x,y', positive=True)
    assert log(Product(x**i*y**j, (i, 1, n), (j, 1, m))).expand() \
        == Sum(i*log(x) + j*log(y), (i, 1, n), (j, 1, m))


def test_has_finite_limits():
    x = Symbol('x')
    assert Sum(1, (x, 1, 9)).has_finite_limits is True
    assert Sum(1, (x, 1, oo)).has_finite_limits is False
    M = Symbol('M')
    assert Sum(1, (x, 1, M)).has_finite_limits is None
    M = Symbol('M', positive=True)
    assert Sum(1, (x, 1, M)).has_finite_limits is True
    x = Symbol('x', positive=True)
    M = Symbol('M')
    assert Sum(1, (x, 1, M)).has_finite_limits is True

    assert Sum(1, (x, 1, M), (y, -oo, oo)).has_finite_limits is False

def test_has_reversed_limits():
    assert Sum(1, (x, 1, 1)).has_reversed_limits is False
    assert Sum(1, (x, 1, 9)).has_reversed_limits is False
    assert Sum(1, (x, 1, -9)).has_reversed_limits is True
    assert Sum(1, (x, 1, 0)).has_reversed_limits is True
    assert Sum(1, (x, 1, oo)).has_reversed_limits is False
    M = Symbol('M')
    assert Sum(1, (x, 1, M)).has_reversed_limits is None
    M = Symbol('M', positive=True, integer=True)
    assert Sum(1, (x, 1, M)).has_reversed_limits is False
    assert Sum(1, (x, 1, M), (y, -oo, oo)).has_reversed_limits is False
    M = Symbol('M', negative=True)
    assert Sum(1, (x, 1, M)).has_reversed_limits is True

    assert Sum(1, (x, 1, M), (y, -oo, oo)).has_reversed_limits is True
    assert Sum(1, (x, oo, oo)).has_reversed_limits is None


def test_has_empty_sequence():
    assert Sum(1, (x, 1, 1)).has_empty_sequence is False
    assert Sum(1, (x, 1, 9)).has_empty_sequence is False
    assert Sum(1, (x, 1, -9)).has_empty_sequence is False
    assert Sum(1, (x, 1, 0)).has_empty_sequence is True
    assert Sum(1, (x, y, y - 1)).has_empty_sequence is True
    assert Sum(1, (x, 3, 2), (y, -oo, oo)).has_empty_sequence is True
    assert Sum(1, (y, -oo, oo), (x, 3, 2)).has_empty_sequence is True
    assert Sum(1, (x, oo, oo)).has_empty_sequence is False


def test_empty_sequence():
    assert Product(x*y, (x, -oo, oo), (y, 1, 0)).doit() == 1
    assert Product(x*y, (y, 1, 0), (x, -oo, oo)).doit() == 1
    assert Sum(x, (x, -oo, oo), (y, 1, 0)).doit() == 0
    assert Sum(x, (y, 1, 0), (x, -oo, oo)).doit() == 0


def test_issue_8016():
    k = Symbol('k', integer=True)
    n, m = symbols('n, m', integer=True, positive=True)
    s = Sum(binomial(m, k)*binomial(m, n - k)*(-1)**k, (k, 0, n))
    assert s.doit().simplify() == \
        cos(pi*n/2)*gamma(m + 1)/gamma(n/2 + 1)/gamma(m - n/2 + 1)


@XFAIL
def test_issue_14313():
    assert Sum(S.Half**floor(n/2), (n, 1, oo)).is_convergent()


def test_issue_16735():
    assert Sum(5**n/gamma(n+1), (n, 1, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true


def test_issue_14871():
    assert Sum((Rational(1, 10))**n*rf(0, n)/factorial(n), (n, 0, oo)).rewrite(factorial).doit() == 1


def test_issue_17165():
    n = symbols("n", integer=True)
    x = symbols('x')
    s = (x*Sum(x**n, (n, -1, oo)))
    ssimp = s.doit().simplify()

    assert ssimp == Piecewise((-1/(x - 1), Abs(x) < 1),
                              (x*Sum(x**n, (n, -1, oo)), True))
    assert ssimp == ssimp.simplify()


def test_issue_19379():
    assert Sum(factorial(n)/factorial(n + 2), (n, 1, oo)).is_convergent() is S.true


def test_issue_20777():
    assert Sum(exp(x*sin(n/m)), (n, 1, m)).doit() == Sum(exp(x*sin(n/m)), (n, 1, m))


def test__dummy_with_inherited_properties_concrete():
    x = Symbol('x')

    from sympy import Tuple
    d = _dummy_with_inherited_properties_concrete(Tuple(x, 0, 5))
    assert d.is_real
    assert d.is_integer
    assert d.is_nonnegative
    assert d.is_extended_nonnegative

    d = _dummy_with_inherited_properties_concrete(Tuple(x, 1, 9))
    assert d.is_real
    assert d.is_integer
    assert d.is_positive
    assert d.is_odd is None

    d = _dummy_with_inherited_properties_concrete(Tuple(x, -5, 5))
    assert d.is_real
    assert d.is_integer
    assert d.is_positive is None
    assert d.is_extended_nonnegative is None
    assert d.is_odd is None

    d = _dummy_with_inherited_properties_concrete(Tuple(x, -1.5, 1.5))
    assert d.is_real
    assert d.is_integer is None
    assert d.is_positive is None
    assert d.is_extended_nonnegative is None

    N = Symbol('N', integer=True, positive=True)
    d = _dummy_with_inherited_properties_concrete(Tuple(x, 2, N))
    assert d.is_real
    assert d.is_positive
    assert d.is_integer

    # Return None if no assumptions are added
    N = Symbol('N', integer=True, positive=True)
    d = _dummy_with_inherited_properties_concrete(Tuple(N, 2, 4))
    assert d is None

    x = Symbol('x', negative=True)
    raises(InconsistentAssumptions,
           lambda: _dummy_with_inherited_properties_concrete(Tuple(x, 1, 5)))


def test_matrixsymbol_summation_numerical_limits():
    A = MatrixSymbol('A', 3, 3)
    n = Symbol('n', integer=True)

    assert Sum(A**n, (n, 0, 2)).doit() == Identity(3) + A + A**2
    assert Sum(A, (n, 0, 2)).doit() == 3*A
    assert Sum(n*A, (n, 0, 2)).doit() == 3*A

    B = Matrix([[0, n, 0], [-1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 2]])
    ans = Matrix([[0, 6, 0], [-4, 0, 0], [0, 0, 8]]) + 4*A
    assert Sum(A+B, (n, 0, 3)).doit() == ans
    ans = A*Matrix([[0, 6, 0], [-4, 0, 0], [0, 0, 8]])
    assert Sum(A*B, (n, 0, 3)).doit() == ans

    ans = (A**2*Matrix([[-2, 0, 0], [0,-2, 0], [0, 0, 4]]) +
           A**3*Matrix([[0, -9, 0], [3, 0, 0], [0, 0, 8]]) +
           A*Matrix([[0, 1, 0], [-1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 2]]))
    assert Sum(A**n*B**n, (n, 1, 3)).doit() == ans


@XFAIL
def test_matrixsymbol_summation_symbolic_limits():
    N = Symbol('N', integer=True, positive=True)

    A = MatrixSymbol('A', 3, 3)
    n = Symbol('n', integer=True)
    assert Sum(A, (n, 0, N)).doit() == (N+1)*A
    assert Sum(n*A, (n, 0, N)).doit() == (N**2/2+N/2)*A


def test_summation_by_residues():
    x = Symbol('x')

    # Examples from Nakhle H. Asmar, Loukas Grafakos,
    # Complex Analysis with Applications
    assert eval_sum_residue(1 / (x**2 + 1), (x, -oo, oo)) == pi/tanh(pi)
    assert eval_sum_residue(1 / x**6, (x, S(1), oo)) == pi**6/945
    assert eval_sum_residue(1 / (x**2 + 9), (x, -oo, oo)) == pi/(3*tanh(3*pi))
    assert eval_sum_residue(1 / (x**2 + 1)**2, (x, -oo, oo)) == \
        -pi*(-1/(2*tanh(pi)) - I*(-I*pi/tanh(pi) + \
        I*pi*tanh(pi))/(4*tanh(pi)) + I*(-I*pi*tanh(pi) + \
        I*pi/tanh(pi))/(4*tanh(pi)))
    assert eval_sum_residue(x**2 / (x**2 + 1)**2, (x, -oo, oo)) == \
        -pi*(-1/(2*tanh(pi)) - I*(-I*pi*tanh(pi) + \
        I*pi/tanh(pi))/(4*tanh(pi)) + I*(-I*pi/tanh(pi) + \
        I*pi*tanh(pi))/(4*tanh(pi)))
    assert eval_sum_residue(1 / (4*x**2 - 1), (x, -oo, oo)) == 0
    assert eval_sum_residue(x**2 / (x**2 - S(1)/4)**2, (x, -oo, oo)) == pi**2/2
    assert eval_sum_residue(1 / (4*x**2 - 1)**2, (x, -oo, oo)) == pi**2/8
    assert eval_sum_residue(1 / ((x - S(1)/2)**2 + 1), (x, -oo, oo)) == pi*tanh(pi)
    assert eval_sum_residue(1 / x**2, (x, S(1), oo)) == pi**2/6
    assert eval_sum_residue(1 / x**4, (x, S(1), oo)) == pi**4/90
    assert eval_sum_residue(1 / x**2 / (x**2 + 4), (x, S(1), oo)) == \
        -pi*(-pi/12 - 1/(16*pi) + 1/(8*tanh(2*pi)))/2

    # Some examples made from 1 / (x**2 + 1)
    assert eval_sum_residue(1 / (x**2 + 1), (x, S(0), oo)) == \
        S(1)/2 + pi/(2*tanh(pi))
    assert eval_sum_residue(1 / (x**2 + 1), (x, S(1), oo)) == \
        -S(1)/2 + pi/(2*tanh(pi))
    assert eval_sum_residue(1 / (x**2 + 1), (x, S(-1), oo)) == \
        1 + pi/(2*tanh(pi))
    assert eval_sum_residue((-1)**x / (x**2 + 1), (x, -oo, oo)) == \
        pi/sinh(pi)
    assert eval_sum_residue((-1)**x / (x**2 + 1), (x, S(0), oo)) == \
        pi/(2*sinh(pi)) + S(1)/2
    assert eval_sum_residue((-1)**x / (x**2 + 1), (x, S(1), oo)) == \
        -S(1)/2 + pi/(2*sinh(pi))
    assert eval_sum_residue((-1)**x / (x**2 + 1), (x, S(-1), oo)) == \
        pi/(2*sinh(pi))

    # Some examples made from shifting of 1 / (x**2 + 1)
    assert eval_sum_residue(1 / (x**2 + 2*x + 2), (x, S(-1), oo)) == S(1)/2 + pi/(2*tanh(pi))
    assert eval_sum_residue(1 / (x**2 + 4*x + 5), (x, S(-2), oo)) == S(1)/2 + pi/(2*tanh(pi))
    assert eval_sum_residue(1 / (x**2 - 2*x + 2), (x, S(1), oo)) == S(1)/2 + pi/(2*tanh(pi))
    assert eval_sum_residue(1 / (x**2 - 4*x + 5), (x, S(2), oo)) == S(1)/2 + pi/(2*tanh(pi))
    assert eval_sum_residue((-1)**x * -1 / (x**2 + 2*x + 2), (x, S(-1), oo)) ==  S(1)/2 + pi/(2*sinh(pi))
    assert eval_sum_residue((-1)**x * -1 / (x**2 -2*x + 2), (x, S(1), oo)) == S(1)/2 + pi/(2*sinh(pi))

    # Some examples made from 1 / x**2
    assert eval_sum_residue(1 / x**2, (x, S(2), oo)) == -1 + pi**2/6
    assert eval_sum_residue(1 / x**2, (x, S(3), oo)) == -S(5)/4 + pi**2/6
    assert eval_sum_residue((-1)**x / x**2, (x, S(1), oo)) == -pi**2/12
    assert eval_sum_residue((-1)**x / x**2, (x, S(2), oo)) == 1 - pi**2/12


@XFAIL
def test_summation_by_residues_failing():
    x = Symbol('x')

    # Failing because of the bug in residue computation
    assert eval_sum_residue(x**2 / (x**4 + 1), (x, S(1), oo))
    assert eval_sum_residue(1 / ((x - 1)*(x - 2) + 1), (x, -oo, oo)) != 0
