The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. The result is assurance. Consumers and producers know that they can enjoy secure supplies and greater choice of the finished products, components, raw materials and services that they use. Producers and exporters know that foreign markets will remain open to them. The result is also a more prosperous, peaceful and accountable economic world. Virtually all decisions in the WTO are taken by consensus among all member countries and they are ratified by members' parliaments. Trade friction is channelled into the WTO's dispute settlement process where the focus is on interpreting agreements and commitments, and how to ensure that countries' trade policies conform with them. That way, the risk of disputes spilling over into political or military conflict is reduced. By lowering trade barriers, the WTO's system also breaks down other barriers between peoples and nations.
At the heart of the system , known as the multilateral trading system,are the WTO's agreements, negotiated and signed by a large majority of the world's trading nations, and ratified in their parliaments. These agreements are the legal ground-rules for international commerce. Essentially, they are contracts, guaranteeing member countries important trade rights. They also bind governments to keep their trade policies within agreed limits to everybody's benefit. The agreements were negotiated and signed by governments. But their purpose is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business.The goal is to improve the welfare of the peoples of the member countries. Customs tariffs. Agriculture. Textiles. Services. Intellectual property. Anti-dumping, subsidies, emergency safeguards. Technical and bureaucratic barriers. Plurilaterals: civil aircraft, government purchases, beef, dairy products. Trade policy reviews: transparency and feedback. 
The WTO's most individual contribution. The panel process: chart. Case study: the timetable in practice. Regionalism. Environment. Case study. Investment. Competition policy. Trade facilitation. Government procurement. Labour. Special considerations. WTO committees. Technical Cooperation. Issues. Q&A on implications for developing countries.
Whose WTO is it? WTO chart. Membership, alliances and bureaucracy. Special policies. Members. A number of simple, fundamental principles run throughout all the WTO agreements. They are the foundation of the multilateral trading system. They include: non-discrimination ("most-favoured-nation" treatment and "national" treatment), freer trade, predictable policies, encouraging competition, and extra provisions for less developed countries. The economic case for an open trading system based upon multilaterally agreed rules is simple enough and rests largely on commercial common sense. But it is also supported by evidence. Protectionism leads to bloated inefficient companies and can in the end lead to factory closures and job losses. One of the WTO¡¯s objectives is to reduce protectionism.


 



 